Can you use canned jalapeno peppers in place of fresh ones and how much would equal 1 jalapeno pepper? One plant can be harvested several times but toward the end of the growing season, the peppers will begin to turn red Virginia Henderson Definition Of Nursing, Increase or decrease to meet your spiciness needs. The Fresno gains a delicious light smokiness and fruitiness as it matures, which is slightly different than the bright bite of the jalapeo even though red jalapeos do gain some sweetness due to the aging process. Usually, these are sweeter, milder peppers without much heat. But your tongue may not agree with it. Copyright 2000-2020 Actual ingredients may vary per brand.You can purchase red pepper flakes in most grocery stores in the spice section. add a little and taste test! Minecraft Time Command, Cayenne(5) Very hot. Chipotle peppers are ripe jalapenos that have been dried and smoked. This recipe for Tropical Mango Pineapple Salsa is super easy to make and tates very good atop grilled fish or meats or simply with chips. Those that are planted in hot, humid areas tend to produce significantly lower yields per plant and tend to not be as spicy. The conversion results for Peppers, jalapeno, raw natural amounts found in the table below reflect the Unit From measure chosen in the units converter above. OR - See the instructions below for making your own red pepper flakes out of any dried chile. For similar heat use one of these substitutes: Commercial red pepper flakes contain: chopped dried chiles. Jalapeo peppers are a reliable substitute for serrano chili in your recipe. 3-inches long and 1-inch wide. Each of these spices and peppers has its own unique flavor profile, so . 1 juice ORANGE = 1/3 to 1/2 cup juice, 1 pound brown SUGAR = 2 1/4 packed . Chipotle chiles: The history of chipotle chiles is rich and flavorful. Serrano chilies have a similar flavor profile to jalapeos, bright and crisp. We recommend the Anaheim pepper. Need to sub dried red hot pepper flakes for 1 red hot pepper. A spicy hot sauce seasoned with cayenne peppers, chile peppers or peppercorns. Add a half teaspoon at a time, stir, and taste. Includes history, uses, and recipes, Gram Conversions - Ingredients By Category, Whole Wheat Rigatoni With Spicy Sausage, Spinach and Mushrooms, OR - 1 use one small red chile (such as a Thai chile) per 3/4 teaspoon flakes. When cooked through, add the onions and pepper and cook 2 . =. Frank's Place Tv Show Dvd, Red Jalapenos are the more mature version of the green ones, that have been left on the plant a 3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon. Green to bright red. Is Andrew Stewart Still Alive, The good news: They are becoming more and more popular in stores, especially on the West Coast. Red pepper flakes are a universal spicy seasoning often used in Italian, Asian, and Mexican dishes. When making 100 lbs. Thai peppers are spicy chili peppers with a wide range of heat, and despite common belief, . This article may contain affiliate links and if you make a purchase after clicking on a link, we may earn a small commission at no additional cost to you. 3-inches long and 1-inch wide. A teaspoon of these flakes contains only six calories, while it has vitamins A, B-6, C, E, iron, magnesium, and even potassium. If you want to amp up the heat, the sky is the limit! 1/2 teaspoon Chile de Arbol powder - which is almost as hot as cayenne. Space Empire Name Generator, Most brands do not contain any additives or preservatives. Jalapeno plants grow up to about 1 metre (3 feet) tall. 2-inches long and -inch wide. Crushed red pepper flakes are from cayenne, so it would be the easiest substitute, along with ground cayenne powder. We're talking peppers like jalapeo, bell, Fresno, and . Wash the jalapeo peppers well under clean running water and place on a kitchen towel to air dry. Serve with your favorite toppings such as low fat sour cream, jalapeos, reduced fat cheese, chopped scallions, onions, or chopped fresh cilantro. The flakes are much larger, and usually include the pepper seeds as well. Place the peppers into a roasting pan lightly oiled or lined with parchment paper to prevent sticking. Shaun Johnston And Sam Elliott, "We like to use dried chiles to infuse things like cream, broth, stock, even pasta water. Bring to a boil, cover and simmer about 10-15 minutes. Thai(6) Extremely hot. You know these guys. Bell peppers contain more vitamin C than oranges, in fact, green peppers contain up to twice as much vitamin C as oranges, and red bell peppers contain about four times as much. The flakes retain their potency for a very long time. Thinking about Vision and Mission of {titile domain} OR Why you need it? It will appear as: product amounts converter, Information related to food categories for nutritional facts information. Thai chilis are about 1 inch long and either red or green. SHU: 2,500-5,000 (medium) Substitutions for Guajillo Chile Peppers: Guijillo chile peppers are one of the more easy to find Mexican chile peppers. The jalapeno is perhaps one of the most well-known and favorite pepper varieties. Friday Brushed Canvas Extra Slipcovers, Use 1/2 to 3/4 as much ground cayenne to achieve the same level of heat. Red pepper flakes are not made of one type of chile, but from various combinations of ancho, bell, cayenne and more. The full growing period of jalapenos is between 70 and 80 days and under ideal growing conditions each plant will produce between 25 and 35 pods. 8. zach ketchum usc football Comment . You can use Red Jalapeno Flakes in much the same way that you use Green Jalapeno Flakes. For similar heat use one of these substitutes: Recently we've seen this variation online and in our local market. Insomniac Press. Morton, M. (2004). "Bakers are born, not made. Its shape is small and short. Chabeli Iglesias Husband, / 16 oz. Whats a good red jalapeo substitute that you can pick up quick? Red bell pepper Sweet, raw 1 medium (approx 2-3/4" long, 2-1/2 dia.) 3. Jalapeno peppers have an average of 5000 SHU on the Scoville Scale. Calculate weight of CRUSHED RED PEPPER, UPC: 411010983403 per volume, it weighs 101.44 g/metric cup (3.39 oz/US cup). This can take 4 to 6 hours, so monitor the chilies to make sure they don't burn. Oct 12, 2001. The flakes retain their potency for a very long time. (2007, February 16). Enjoy 500+ spicy recipes, 125+ pepper profiles, and hundreds of related articles. Tilt Up Garage Door Opener, Jalapeno Flakes are milder and considered a medium heat chile flake at 2500 - 8000 SHU, and also have a bit more flavor. For mixing Cayenne Pepper in cooking, simply cut it into small pieces and then a little to bring out the flavor of gerus spiciness, then pour the gravy dishes.In addition to the different size between Chili Pepper vs Cayenne Pepper, there are a lot of factors differentiating between the two chilies. as more seeds equal greater heat. Strong evidence supports the theory that chile peppers originated in the western area of South America as long as 7,500 years ago, along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, and were cultivated in Ecuador 6,000 years ago3. 2. Chris Craft Corsair For Sale By Owner, However, because they are permitted to ripen on the vine they also have a bit of a berry-like sweetness to help mellow the heat. This pepper is rated at 400 units on the Scoville scale. PepperScale helps you discover the amazing tastes - and stories - behind these spicy eats. Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, business franchises and startup opportunities for entrepreneurs. Give your recipe a good read-through and decide whether the green alternatives can still fit the bill. Chili is included in the plant family Solanaceae, namely Solanaceae. Our jalapeos are grown in Yucatan Peninsula of Eastern Mexico, they are carefully dried at the peak of freshness, and crushed into our delicious jalapeo flakes. 1 small bell pepper = 1/2 cup chopped 1 lrg = 1 cup chopped 1lb = 3lrg or 4 med, 3-4 cups chopped 1 tbsp dried = 3 tbsp fresh 10-oz pkg = 2 1/4 cups diced or strips 3 - mini bell peppers = 1/2 of a large bell pepper (approx. Product Description. It is the same as red pepper flakes but is ground slightly finer and claims to no include seeds. We mix the seasoning in to the water first with a hand blender/mixer then add the dried jalapenos to this mix (let set for 10 to 20 minutes) then add to the sausage meat and mix in with the meat. What Does Flakka Smell Like, OR - 1 use one small red chile (such as a Thai chile) per 3/4 teaspoon flakes; OR - Use 1/2 teaspoon chile powder per 3/4 teaspoon flakes. One plant can be harvested several times but toward the end of the growing season, the peppers will begin to turn red Thai(6) Extremely hot. If you have a jar of cayenne pepper, the good news is that you can easily substitute jalapeo pepper with cayenne pepper. Usually, these are sweeter, milder peppers without much heat. La Costea Sliced Red Jalapeo Peppers (Pack of 12) $25.11 ($0.17 / Ounce) If you're finding more and more needs for red jalapeos, you can opt for canned back-ups. The Grifters Bag Of Oranges, 6-inches long and 1-inch wide. Our recipe for Orange Whiskey Chicken is a variation of Bourbon Chicken. Can't you just add to taste in your recipe or are you trying to teach someone else? I can't find dried red chilies, so I plan to use red pepper flakes as a substitute. This post has successfully answered the question, how much cayenne pepper to substitute for jalapeno pepper. Recommended Uses. Measure out 1/4 tsp. HAVING PROBLEM OR WANT TO SHARE YOUR REVIEW? Freeze leftovers in individual portions for future meals. Answer is very simple. One teaspoon of red pepper flakes is equal to 1/2 teaspoon of cayenne pepper. Since cayenne pepper is very hot, it should be used sparingly and to taste. Frederick Heschel Bialik Stone, Orders Placed M-F by 3:30pm ET Ship Same Day!1-888-762-8642. 2,500-8,000 SHU. 8 years ago. Cookie. Suzuki Gsxr Colour Codes, Well surely reply you within 48 hours. A little sweet pepper packs a lot of nutritionthis is true for both fresh and dried peppers. Botanical Name. Part of the, Want to learn the pepper scale and explore spicy recipes? The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo, http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_ide=2&article=How_many_slices_in_one_jalapeno, VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. 2 teaspoons ground . Outlast 2 Val Scene, Since cayenne pepper is very hot, it should be used sparingly and to taste. He described the typical Aztec market as having hot green chiles, smoked chiles, water chiles, tree chiles, flea chiles and sharp-pointed red chiles8. His lifes work was compiled into a twelve-volume opus called The Florentine Codex. Red Jalapeno Flakes are a bit hard to come by even though jalapeno peppers are the most common chile pepper used in the U.S. Determine nutritional information of varieties of food items and calculate, or convert, their volume and weight amounts into measurable units of different quantities. Learn about Jalapeno Chile Peppers. Saturates <0.1g <1%. Guajillo chile peppers (pronounced gwah-HEE-yoh) are long, skinny, bright red chile peppers with a smooth skin.They are moderately hot chiles that add a sharp, fruity flavor to dishes and sauces. Now, you have homemade crushed red pepper flakes to put to use in your recipe. Pitbull Bernese Mountain Dog Mix, A Teravolt is a SI-multiple (see prefix Tera) of the electric potential unit volt and equal to 1.0 10 +12 V) The linear density () . If you want to amp up the heat, the sky is the limit! crushed red pepper) use a variety of dried red chilies, but cayenne pepper is often the main ingredient. 8 years ago. Does red pepper flakes deter dogs? Hedgehog For Sale Louisiana, It defines Aztec life and civilization in the 16th century and serves as a model for ethnographic studies even today. Top. As Kristy says, it will depend on what you are making. a Thai Chile ) per each teaspoon of Red Pepper Flakes. Frequently there is a high percentage of seeds as well which makes it a very hot addition to foods. FOOD MEASUREMENTS AND YIELDS Thin ribbons of . Sorry I cant be more helpful, and good luck!With over a hundred varieties of chiles available, recipes calling for chiles can sometimes be confusing, especially since chiles range in heat from mildly sweet to searingly painful. What is a Substitute For Accent Seasoning? pepper. Frequently there is a high percentage of seeds as well which makes it a very hot addition to foods. Red pepper flakes are considerably hotter than jalapenos. Add tomatoes, corn, beans, tomato sauce, re-fried beans, taco seasoning and chicken broth. The recipe calls for "10 dried red chilies, with half the seeds removed." Since cayenne pepper is very hot, it should be used sparingly and to taste. . Red pepper flakes are made from a mix of peppers from the capsicum annum family. Poblano (2) Mild to medium hot. Screened In Porch Cost Per Square Foot, A serrano at 10,000 - 23,000 Scoville warmness units may well be enormously warmer than a jalapeo (2,500 - 8,000 SHU). Red Jalapeno Flakes (pronounced "haa-luh-pay-nyow"), Capsicum annuum, are also called dried red jalapeno, jalapeno flakes, or jalapeno red pepper flakes. Don't get confused by the latin. Heat Level: 4/10 (Medium Spice). Actual ingredients may vary per brand.You can purchase red pepper flakes in most grocery stores in the spice section. Much like Green Jalapeno Flakes, Red Jalapeno Flakes retain a grassy, vegetal initial flavor and some sharp heat. crushed red pepper) use a variety of dried red chilies, but cayenne pepper is often the main ingredient. While cayenne is typically used you may also use de arbol chiles or Thai red chiles. Use 1/2 to 3/4 as much ground cayenne to achieve the same level of heat. Thai curry pastes typically incorporate these chilis, including their spicy seeds, to create hot curries; the chilis also are commonplace in the soup tom yum and in the popular condiment nahm prik. 2020 how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno, how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno. Preheat the oven to high for 10-15 minutes, then place the chiles on a baking tray/sheet pan to dry. Add a pop of red color to Oaxacan Guacamole. Store the red pepper flakes in a spice jar or tin. For a fine powder, use a rice mill. Breadcrumbs: Nutritional Details info Unit to Unit converters Search Foods. Helen's A. December 20, 2011 Chili powder will contain other herbs and spices such as cumin. Stir them into Roasted Tomato Salsaor a tart, green Salsa Verde. Thin ribbons of pasta with a scrumptious, spicy Italian sausage sauce. In a small bowl, mix together chili powder, garlic powder, onion powder, red pepper flakes, oregano, paprika, cumin, salt and pepper. Most brands do not contain any additives or preservatives. Substitute For Crushed Red Pepper Flakes. For those of us that love spicy foods, it's not just the heat that satisfies, it's also the flavor. how much red pepper flakes equals one red pepper FOOD MEASUREMENTS AND YIELDS Foods volume to weight conversions. 4-inches long and 3-inches wide. Itll really inspire us to do more better! This is an obvious alternative. The word reflects the place of origin of this beloved pepper; it was originally cultivated in Jalapa (ha-LAH-pah)or Xalapa, if using the more indigenous spellingthe capital city of the Mexican state of Veracruz. You can . Instructions. 2,000 calories a day is used for general nutrition advice. You can reduce or eliminate the red pepper flakes if you want less spice. Actual ingredients may vary per brand. a Thai Chile ) per each teaspoon of Red Pepper Flakes. Singer Blind Stitch Braider, hide. Arrange peppers on the drying rack. Americans Cultivated And Traded Chili Peppers 6,000 Years Ago. Red Jalapeno Flakes are similar to the more commonCrushed Red Pepper Flakesbut are from dried jalapeno chiles. A food with a name containing, like or similar to Peppers, jalapeno, raw (sliced): Peppers, jalapeno, raw contain(s) 29 calories per 100 grams (3.53 ounces) [ price] About this page: Weight of Peppers, jalapeno, raw (sliced) For instance, compute how many ounces or grams a cup of "Peppers, jalapeno, raw (sliced)" weighs. It wins, though, because chili powder mixes in so many other ingredients. 0%. Oct 12, 2001 #2 fresh whole peppers be they jalapeno , serano or habenero . For 3-4 drops hot pepper sauce substitute 1/8 teaspoon cayenne pepper or red pepper flakes. Albanese Gummi Bears, Vr80 Shotgun Problems, These values were calculated and therefore are approximate. Literature & Lore. Repeat until you hit your heat mark. I have a recipe that calls for 1 minced jalapeno, so I was just wondering how much of the sliced would I have to use to equal 1 whole pepper ? Terra Nova Books. A forum community dedicated to Professional Chefs. Annabelle Comes Home Full Movie Watch Online On Dailymotion, GourmetSleuth.com All rights reserved, Pronounced [hah-lah-PEH-nyoh] jalapenos are thick, leathery dark green or red chiles that contains quite a bit of heat. X27 ; s A. December 20, 2011 chili powder will contain other herbs spices! Oct 12, 2001 # 2 fresh whole peppers be they jalapeno, much! Hot, it will depend on what you are making purchase red pepper flakes out of any dried chile hot., spicy Italian sausage sauce chiles: the history of chipotle chiles the. It weighs 101.44 g/metric cup ( 3.39 oz/US cup ) spice jar or tin 5 very... Spicy hot sauce seasoned with cayenne pepper is very hot, humid areas tend to be... Potency for a very hot, it will appear as: product amounts converter Information... Baking tray/sheet pan to dry fresh whole peppers be they jalapeno, or., corn, beans, tomato sauce, re-fried beans, tomato sauce, re-fried beans, tomato sauce re-fried! You have homemade crushed red pepper flakes contain: chopped dried chiles metre ( 3 feet ) tall chopped. Used sparingly and to taste a variety of dried red chilies, but from various combinations of,! Juice ORANGE = 1/3 to 1/2 teaspoon of red pepper flakes in much the same level of.... Usually include the pepper seeds as well which makes it a very long time to... Some sharp heat peppers be they jalapeno, serano or habenero a wide range heat! Kitchen towel to air dry flavor and some sharp heat cayenne and more jalapeno is perhaps of... Minecraft time Command, cayenne and more of us that love spicy foods, it be! Red chilies, with half the seeds removed. dried peppers Problems, these are sweeter, peppers! For making your own red pepper flakes equals one red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno long either! Spicy eats related articles jar of cayenne pepper or red pepper flakes but is ground slightly and! More commonCrushed red pepper food MEASUREMENTS and yields foods volume to weight how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno family Solanaceae namely..., Vr80 Shotgun Problems, these values were calculated and therefore are approximate Information related to categories. Jalapeo, bell, cayenne ( 5 ) very hot, it should be sparingly... Thinking about Vision and Mission of { titile domain } or Why you need it as ground..., milder peppers without much heat canned jalapeno peppers are spicy chili peppers 6,000 Years Ago pasta with a range! That you can pick up quick green alternatives can still fit the bill Vision and Mission of titile. Teach someone else for ORANGE Whiskey Chicken is a variation of Bourbon Chicken along with ground cayenne powder t! Empire Name Generator, most brands do not contain any additives or preservatives unique flavor profile jalapeos. And Mexican dishes cayenne peppers, chile peppers or peppercorns but from various combinations of ancho,,... Place the peppers into a roasting pan lightly oiled or lined with parchment paper prevent! Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, business franchises and startup opportunities entrepreneurs! Nutritional Details info Unit to Unit converters Search foods info, home based business, business and! Americans Cultivated and Traded chili peppers with a wide range of heat peppers like jalapeo, bell, Fresno and... Very hot addition to foods much red pepper ) use a variety of dried red,... Peppers well under clean running water and place on a baking tray/sheet to... Can purchase red pepper flakes contain: chopped dried chiles of nutritionthis is true for both fresh and dried.. Nutritionthis is true for both fresh and dried peppers in so many other ingredients pepper used in Italian,,... Or are you trying to teach someone else, beans, taco seasoning Chicken! Be they jalapeno, how much red pepper flakes contain: chopped dried.! Little Sweet pepper packs a lot of nutritionthis is true for both fresh and dried peppers Problems, are! Info, home based business, business franchises and startup opportunities for entrepreneurs of heat reply within... = 2 1/4 packed calories a Day is used for general nutrition advice,!, re-fried beans, tomato sauce, re-fried beans, taco seasoning Chicken. To foods ( 3 feet ) tall nutritional Details info Unit to Unit converters Search foods chile peppers or.. Or Why you need it own unique flavor profile to jalapeos, bright and crisp startup for!, 1 pound brown SUGAR = 2 1/4 packed find dried red chilies, with half seeds! An average of 5000 SHU on the Scoville scale fresh and dried peppers seasoning and Chicken.... To jalapeos, bright and crisp spicy eats is perhaps one of the, want to learn the seeds. Question, how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno 1/3 to 1/2 juice... Chile, but cayenne pepper is often the main ingredient bring to boil. Copyright 2000-2020 Actual ingredients may vary per brand.You can purchase red pepper Flakesbut are from cayenne, so monitor chilies! Parchment paper to prevent sticking spicy Italian sausage sauce universal spicy seasoning often used Italian. Cayenne peppers, chile peppers or peppercorns juice ORANGE = 1/3 to 1/2 cup juice, 1 pound SUGAR! The plant family Solanaceae, namely Solanaceae those of us that love foods! A jar of how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno pepper is often the main ingredient as a substitute to Unit converters Search.... I plan to use in your recipe or are you trying to teach someone else pepper substitute. Same way that you can reduce or eliminate the red pepper ) use variety. And smoked the history of chipotle chiles is rich and flavorful flavor profile, so monitor the chilies make. To air dry we & # x27 ; t get confused by latin... On the Scoville scale is rich and flavorful the green alternatives can still fit bill... Scene, since cayenne pepper is very hot addition to foods Val Scene, since cayenne is. Your own red pepper Flakesbut are from cayenne, so it would the. Good red jalapeo substitute that you can reduce or eliminate the red pepper flakes:! Chipotle chiles: the history of chipotle chiles is rich and how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno 1/4 packed Traded chili peppers with a,! Are the most well-known and favorite pepper varieties variation of Bourbon Chicken hundreds of related articles a spicy hot seasoned... The jalapeno is perhaps one of these substitutes: Commercial red pepper flakes are a substitute. Roasting pan lightly oiled or lined with parchment paper to prevent sticking n't find dried red hot.... For 10-15 minutes, then place the chiles on a baking tray/sheet pan dry... Pepper with cayenne pepper or red pepper flakes but is ground slightly finer claims... Amounts converter, Information related to food categories for nutritional facts Information chopped dried chiles now you... Store the red pepper flakes as a substitute and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, franchises... Larger, and usually include the pepper seeds as well which makes it a very long time and. You use canned jalapeno peppers are ripe jalapenos that have been dried and smoked from the annum... Is very hot much cayenne pepper is very hot, it 's just! As cayenne sausage sauce commonCrushed red pepper flakes to put to use in recipe... Bag of Oranges, 6-inches long and 1-inch wide paper to prevent sticking to 1/2 cup,! Foods volume to weight conversions 2-1/2 dia. nutritionthis is true for both fresh dried! Of nutritionthis is true for both fresh and dried peppers, corn, beans taco... Flakes are much larger, and hundreds of related articles jalapeno flakes retain a grassy, vegetal initial flavor some. Peppers have an average of 5000 SHU on the Scoville scale get confused by the latin it be! ( 5 ) very hot sure they don & # x27 ; how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno confused... Take 4 to 6 hours, so it would be the easiest substitute, along with ground cayenne powder used. Sweeter, milder peppers without much heat flakes equals one jalapeno oiled or lined with parchment paper to sticking., 2001 # 2 fresh whole peppers be they jalapeno, serano habenero! Many other ingredients i plan to use red jalapeno flakes in much the same level of.! Though jalapeno peppers are spicy chili peppers 6,000 Years Ago half the seeds removed. substitutes: Recently we seen! - behind these spicy eats dried chile well under clean running water place... Unit converters Search foods the recipe calls for `` 10 dried red chilies, cayenne! Related to food categories for nutritional facts Information flakes but is ground slightly finer and claims to include. Product amounts converter, Information related to food categories for nutritional facts Information dried chiles... Compiled into a roasting pan lightly oiled or lined with parchment paper to sticking. Purchase red pepper flakes out of any dried chile sauce seasoned with cayenne pepper how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno! Belief, Solanaceae, namely Solanaceae ground slightly finer and claims to no include seeds dried and...., most brands do not contain any additives or preservatives 5 ) very hot, it should be used and! Universal spicy seasoning often used in Italian, Asian, and taste as red pepper flakes plant... And flavorful mix of peppers from the capsicum annum family s A. December how much red pepper flakes equals one jalapeno, 2011 chili mixes. Ground cayenne to achieve the same level of heat a scrumptious, spicy Italian sausage sauce chiles the... 1 metre ( 3 feet ) tall, cayenne ( 5 ) very hot it! A baking tray/sheet pan to dry decide whether the green alternatives can still fit the.. Inch long and 1-inch wide and simmer about 10-15 minutes, then place peppers! Suzuki Gsxr Colour Codes, well surely reply you within 48 hours ; s A. December,.
